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| Correlation: Unemployment and Death |
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| Nation - Workplace | |
| TS-Si News Service | |
| Monday, 11 April 2011 03:00 | |
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Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Unemployment increases the risk of premature mortality by 63 per cent, a conclusion drawn from surveying 40 years of existing research covering 20 million people in 15 (mainly western) countries.
One interesting finding was that, in spite of expectations that a better health-care system might contribute to lower mortality rates, the correlation between unemployment and the risk of higher mortality was the same in all countries covered by the study. The analysis by Sociology Professor Eran Shor at McGill University, working in collaboration with researchers from Stony Brook University, revealed a causal relationship between unemployment and a higher risk of death. Their findings appear in the journal Social Science & Medicine.
"Until now, one of the big questions in the literature has been about whether pre-existing health conditions, such as diabetes or heart problems, or behaviours such as smoking, drinking or drug use, lead to both unemployment and a greater risk of death," Shor said. "What's interesting about our work is that we found that preexisting health conditions had no effect, suggesting that the unemployment-mortality relationship is quite likely a causal one. This probably has to do with unemployment causing stress and negatively affecting one's socioeconomic status, which in turn leads to poorer health and higher mortality rates." "We suspect that even today, not having a job is more stressful for men than for women." Shor said. "When a man loses his job, it still often means that the family will become poorer and suffer in various ways, which in turn can have a huge impact on a man's health by leading to both increased smoking, drinking or eating and by reducing the availability of healthy nutrition and health care services." The research suggests that public-health initiatives could target unemployed people for more aggressive cardiovascular screening and interventions aimed at reducing risk-taking behaviours. FundingThe research was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
CitationLosing life and livelihood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of unemployment and all-cause mortality. David J. Roelfs, Eran Shor, Karina W. Davidson, Joseph E. Schwartz. Social Science & Medicine 2011; 72(6): 840-854. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.005
Highlights • The risk of death for unemployed persons was 63% higher than the risk of death for employed persons. • The relative mortality risk associated with unemployment was 37% higher for men than for women. • The relative mortality risk associated with unemployment was significantly lower for workers approaching retirement age (50-65 years of age). • The relative mortality risk associated with unemployment remained elevated among studies with lengthy follow-up periods, suggesting that becoming unemployed induces a long-term change in the underlying mortality risk. Abstract Unemployment rates in the United States remain near a 25-year high and global unemployment is rising. Previous studies have shown that unemployed persons have an increased risk of death, but the magnitude of the risk and moderating factors have not been explored. The study is a random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression designed to assess the association between unemployment and all-cause mortality among working-age persons. We extracted 235 mortality risk estimates from 42 studies, providing data on more than 20 million persons. The mean hazard ratio (HR) for mortality was 1.63 among HRs adjusted for age and additional covariates. The mean effect was higher for men than for women. Unemployment was associated with an increased mortality risk for those in their early and middle careers, but less for those in their late career. The risk of death was highest during the first 10 years of follow-up, but decreased subsequently. The mean HR was 24% lower among the subset of studies controlling for health-related behaviors. Public health initiatives could target unemployed persons for more aggressive cardiovascular screening and interventions aimed at reducing risk-taking behaviors. Keywords: unemployment; all-cause mortality; meta-analysis; meta-regression; systematic review; psychosocial stress; health behaviors.
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| Last Updated on Sunday, 10 April 2011 15:02 |
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