Coral Gables, FL, USA. Modern-day game theory techniques have been used to reexamine two legendary military bluffs and explain why they worked, with findings of interest to everyday situations that have the potential for interpersonal conflict.

The study shows that bluffing works because an opponent comes to believe you are strong, but can't tell whether your strength or true or only an act.


Economist Christopher Cotton from the University of Miami (UM) and Chang Liu, a PhD Student at the Georgia Institute of Technology, explore two of history's most famous military bluffs in the Journal of Peace Research. The study is one of the first to use game theory to assess the Chinese military legends of Li Guang and his 100 horsemen (144 BC), and Zhuge Liang and the Empty City (228 AD). The stories appear in modern day translations of Sun Tzu's fundamental book on military strategy The Art of War to explain what is meant by deception.



Game theory is a field of mathematics that started to gain ground in the 1940's.

The theory basically says that what I want to do depends on what you do, and what you want to do depends on what I'm doing.

It provides a way to model strategic situations, in which the success of an individual's choices depends on the choices of opponent(s).

The study authors asked what strategy people should follow in such situations.Both legends involve a military that faces a much stronger opposing force. Instead of retreating, the commander of the weaker army orders his men to act as if they were preparing to bait the enemy into an ambush. The stronger army unsure of whether they are facing a weak army or an ambush decides to retreat and evade combat. In other words, the stronger opponent falls for the bluff.

The legends have been used for the past two-thousand years to illustrate military deception. What is new about this study is that it explains why their strategies were successful, says Christopher Cotton assistant professor in the Department of Economics at the UM School of Business Administration, and principal investigator of the study.

"With this study we gain insight about these legends that nobody had before. For example, bluffing doesn't work because it convinces an opponent that you are strong. It works because your opponent can't tell whether you are really strong, or whether you are only acting strong. This uncertainty is all that's needed," says Cotton. "The generals chose strategies that left their opponents uncertain, and this uncertainty was enough to avoid confrontation."

Cotton modeled the military legends as signaling games, where one player has all the information about the situation and the other does not. Equilibrium is achieved when the participants or "players" adopt strategies or "actions" that bring about the best outcome, or "payoff."

These optimal strategies can be described as a situation where "what I'm doing should be consistent with what you have chosen to do, and given what you have chosen to do, I should not want to go do something else," says Cotton. In the case of the military legends, the researchers found that bluffing arose naturally as the optimal strategy in each situation.

The study says that "when the probability of a weak general is high, the equilibrium involves mix strategies, with weak general sometimes fleeing and sometimes bluffing….when the probability of a weak general is lower (which is reasonable given the reputations of Li Guang and Zhuge Liang), then the unique equilibrium always involves bluffing by the general and retreat by his opponent."

What the researchers are showing is that these famous generals were acting according to optimal strategy, as defined by modern-day strategic reasoning. "They are playing in a way that is consistent to what we would recommend them doing today, even though they were doing it two-thousand years before any of the modern tools for strategy were developed," Cotton says.

The study adds to the literature in which game theory is used to gain insight of historic events. It increases understanding on the role of deception in military and defense strategies and explores the logic used by experienced professionals, who unknowingly play strategic games to create innovative solutions to everyday problems.

Name

Email

Website

Title

Comment

smaller | bigger

Subscribe via email (registered users only)

I have read and agree to the Terms of Usage.

Add Comment