According to Love and Webb (1992) the most predominant injury type is acceleration-deceleration trauma, which causes discrete lesions which affect only certain areas of the brain, occurs when the head is accelerated and then stopped suddenly, as in a car accident, and causes discrete, focal lesions to two areas of the brain, The prefrontal areas and the anterior portion of the temporal lobes. The brain will suffer contusions at the point of direct impact and at the site directly opposite the point of impact due to the oscillation of the brain within the skull.

It should be noted that brain injuries may occur as a result of acceleration-deceleration trauma unaccompanied by impact.

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin (1894-1980) was a Soviet biochemist who established the Metabolism First hypothesis to explain the origin of life, thus strengthening the primary role of cells as small drops of coacervates (evolutionary precursors of the first prokaryote cells). Dr Oparin did not refer to RNA or DNA molecules since at that time it was not clear just how important the role of these molecules was in living organisms. However he did form a solid base for the idea of self-replication as a collective property of molecular compounds.

Part of the telencephalon, located in the temporal lobe. It is involved in memory, emotion, and fear, essentially acting as the brain's warning center. The fight-or-flight response originates with the amygdala. The amygdala is just beneath the surface of the front, medial part of the temporal lobe where it causes the bulge on the surface called the uncus. This is a component of the limbic system.

Aneuploidy is an abnormal number of chromosomes, with either an extra or missing chromosome. It is a common cause of genetic disorders. Aneuploidy occurs during cell division when the chromosomes do not separate properly between the two cells. Chromosome abnormalities in humans are estimated to occur in 1 of 160 live births, the most common being extra chromosomes 13, 18, and 21. Some cancer cells also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Different species have different numbers of normal chromosomes and thus the term aneuploidy can refer to a difference in the chromosome number specific to that species.

Part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connection to glands and smooth muscles of internal organs; made of two divisions (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and sometimes is considered to have a third division called the enteric system.

Group of structures which coordinate movement; located in the forebrain (telencephalon).

Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. (United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity)