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Research Finds Mice Cages Alter Brains Print E-mail
SciMed - Horizons
TS-Si News Service   
Monday, 19 July 2010 03:00

Research Finds Mice Cages Alter Brains

Denver, CO, USA. Researchers have found the brains of mice used in laboratories worldwide can be profoundly affected by the type of cage they are kept in, a breakthrough that may require scientists to reevaluate the way they conduct future experiments.

Mice are the chief research mammals in the world today, involved in some of the most promising cancer, genetic and neuroscience breakthroughs.

Researchers from different universities rely on careful comparison of experimental results for their discoveries.

Findings that test results can be skewed may trigger a recalibration of past results and reconsideration of future experimental procedures. The work was conducted by researchers from the Anschutz Medical Campus at the University of Colorado. Their findings appear in the journal PLoS One.

Housing differences result in marked behavioral changes :: A. Picture of a high ventilation (HV) cage and B. a low ventilation (LV) cage. The duration (C) and frequency (D) of various types of aggressive behavior are significantly different depending on the type of cage (HV or LV) the mice were housed in. Resident males were exposed to an intruder male for five minutes. A mixed ANOVA revealed a significant effect of cage type on the latency to first fight (Latency) (F1,12 = 7.09, P = 0.0027), the total time spent interacting (Sniff) (F1,12 = 21.56, P = 0.0006), the total time spent fighting (Fight) (F1,12 = 11.35, P = 0.0039), and on the number of fights (Fights) (F1,12 = 13.33, P = 0.0022). When mice did not attack, the latency was set to 300 sec. The bars represent mean±SEM (n = 6 per group). Image: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011359.g001, Figure 1.

Housing differences result in marked behavioral changes.

Pictures and comparisons of a high ventilation (HV) cage and a low ventilation (LV) cage used for research mice.

Click Pic for Details
"We assume that mice used in laboratories are all the same, but they are not," said Diego Restrepo, is director of the Neuroscience Program and professor of cell and developmental biology. "When you change the cages you change the brains and that affects the outcomes of research."

Diego Restrepo

Diego Restrepo
Professor
Cell & Developmental Biology
Restrepo discovered that the brains of mice are extremely sensitive to their environment and can physically change when moved from an enclosure where air circulates freely to one where it does not. The portion of the mouse's brain responsible for its keen sense of smell, the olfactory bulb, is altered.

Restrepo also found profound changes in the levels of aggression when mice are moved from one type of cage to another.

The results, he says, can greatly affect the accuracy of the research and call the results into question. Two different laboratories doing the same experiments may get totally different results and never know why. "This could explain some of the failures to replicate findings in different laboratories and why contradictory data are published by different laboratories even when genetically identical mice are used as subjects," said Restrepo.

The consequences could mean good science derailed or promising research abandoned simply due to the design of a mouse cage – something largely overlooked until now.

Restrepo hopes scientists will work to uncover the depth of the problem and find ways to overcome it. "We need to ensure that laboratory findings are truly indicative of natural processes and not simply the result of environmental factors within each lab," he said.

CitationToward a Mouse Neuroethology in the Laboratory Environment. Anthony M. Oliva, Ernesto Salcedo, Jennifer L. Hellier, Xuan Ly, Kanthaiah Koka, Daniel J. Tollin, Diego Restrepo. PLoS ONE 2010; 5(6): e11359. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011359
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Abstract

In this report we demonstrate that differences in cage type brought unexpected effects on aggressive behavior and neuroanatomical features of the mouse olfactory bulb. A careful characterization of two cage types, including a comparison of the auditory and temperature environments, coupled with a demonstration that naris occlusion abolishes the neuroanatomical changes, lead us to conclude that a likely important factor mediating the phenotypic changes we find is the olfactory environment of the two cages. We infer that seemingly innocuous changes in cage environment can affect sensory input relevant to mice and elicit profound effects on neural output. Study of the neural mechanisms underlying animal behavior in the laboratory environment should be broadened to include neuroethological approaches to examine how the laboratory environment (beyond animal well-being and enrichment) influences neural systems and behavior.

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Last Updated on Sunday, 18 July 2010 17:26