Utrecht, The Netherlands. A new study for the first time has provided hard data on how administering testosterone under the tongue (sublingually) negatively affects an important marker for empathy.

In addition, the effects of testosterone (or androgen) administration are predicted by a fetal marker of prenatal testosterone, the 2D:4D ratio. The study confirms earlier rodent research that shows that testosterone in early brain development influences the structures that can organize the activation of the hormone in later life. The research results also have important implications for the androgen theory of autism.

Professor Jack van Honk at Utrecht University and Professor Simon Baron-Cohen at the University of Cambridge designed the study that was conducted in Utrecht. The findings are published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

Mind Reading?

The researchers used a task called Reading the Mind in the Eyes as a test of mind reading.

It tests how well someone can infer what a person is thinking or feeling from photographs of facial expressions from around the eyes.

Mind reading is one aspect of empathy, a skill that shows significant sex differences in favor of females.They tested 16 young women from the general population, since women on average have lower levels of testosterone than men. The decision to test just females was to maximize the possibility of seeing a reduction in their levels of empathy.

The researchers not only found that administration of testosterone leads to a significant reduction in mind reading, but that this effect is powerfully predicted by the 2D:4D digit ratio, a marker of prenatal testosterone. Those people with the most masculinized 2D:4D ratios showed the most pronounced reduction in the ability to mind read.

Jack van Honk said: "We are excited by this finding because it suggests testosterone levels prenatally prime later testosterone effects on the mind."

"This study contributes to our knowledge of how small hormonal differences can have far-reaching effects on empathy," said Baron-Cohen. The new study has several important implications.

• First, that current levels of testosterone directly affect the ability to read someone else's mind. This may help explain why on average women perform better on such tests than men, since men on average produce more testosterone than women.
  
  
• Second, that the digit ratio (2D:4D), a marker of fetal testosterone, predicts the extent to which later testosterone has this effect. This suggests testosterone levels in the womb have an 'organizing' or long-range effect on later brain function.
  
  
• Finally, given that people with autism have difficulties in mind reading, and that autism affects males more often than females, the study provides further support for the androgen theory of autism.

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