Corvallis, OR, USA. A review of the evidence around weight loss supplements has bad news for those trying to find an effective pill to lose weight and keep it off: it does not exist.

The study findings said no research evidence exists that any single product results in significant weight loss, while many have detrimental health benefits.


Melinda M. Manore of Oregon State University (OSU) reviewed the body of evidence surrounding hundreds of weight loss supplements, now a $2.4 billion industry in the United States. Her findings appear in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. A few products, including green tea, fiber and low-fat dairy supplements, can have a modest weight loss benefit of 3-4 pounds (2 kilos) but, Manore says, it is important to know that most of these supplements were tested as part of a reduced calorie diet.



Melinda M. Manore, PhD, RD, CSSD, FACSM, is professor of nutrition and exercise sciences at Oregon State University (OSU).

Manore is on the Science Board for the President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition.Manore looked at supplements that fell into four categories:

• products such as chitosan that block absorption of fat or carbohydrates,
  
• stimulants such as caffeine or ephedra that increase metabolism,
  
• products such as conjugated linoleic acid that claim to change the body composition by decreasing fat, and
  
• appetite suppressants such as soluble fibers.

Manore's research is focused on the interaction of nutrition and exercise on health and performance. Manore found that many products had no randomized clinical trials examining their effectiveness. Most of the research studies did not include exercise; moreover, most of the products showed less than a two-pound weight loss benefit compared to the placebo groups.

"What people want is to lose weight and maintain or increase lean tissue mass," Manore said. "There is no evidence that any one supplement does this. And some have side effects ranging from the unpleasant, such as bloating and gas, to very serious issues such as strokes and heart problems."

"I don't know how you eliminate exercise from the equation," Manore said. "The data is very strong that exercise is crucial to not only losing weight and preserving muscle mass, but keeping the weight off." ... "For most people, unless you alter your diet and get daily exercise, no supplement is going to have a big impact," Manore said.

As a dietician and researcher, Manore said the key to weight loss is to eat whole grains, fruits, vegetables and lean meats, reduce calorie intake of high-fat foods, and to keep moving. Depending on the individual, increasing protein may be beneficial (especially for those trying to not lose lean tissue), but the only way to lose weight is to make a lifestyle change. "Adding fiber, calcium, protein and drinking green tea can help," Manore said. "But none of these will have much effect unless you exercise and eat fruits and vegetables."

Manore's general guidelines for a healthy lifestyle include:

• Do not leave the house in the morning without having a plan for dinner. Spontaneous eating often results in poorer food choices.
  
  
• If you do eat out, start your meal with a large salad with low-calorie dressing or a broth-based soup. You will feel much fuller and are less likely to eat your entire entrée. Better yet: split your entrée with a dining companion or just order an appetizer in addition to your soup or salad.
  
  
• Find ways to keep moving, especially if you have a sedentary job. Manore said she tries to put calls on speaker phone so she can walk around while talking. During long meetings, ask if you can stand or pace for periods so you don't remain seated the entire time.
  
  
• Put vegetables into every meal possible. Shred vegetables into your pasta sauce, add them into meat or just buy lots of bags of fruits/vegetables for on-the-go eating.
  
  
• Increase your fiber. Most Americans don't get nearly enough fiber. When possible, eat "wet" sources of fiber rather than dry — cooked oatmeal makes you feel fuller than a fiber cracker.
  
  
• Make sure to eat whole fruits and vegetables instead of drinking your calories. Eat an apple rather than drink apple juice. Look at items that seem similar and eat the one that physically takes up more space. For example, eating 100 calories of grapes rather than 100 calories of raisins will make you feel fuller.
  
  
• Eliminate processed foods.. Manore said research increasingly shows that foods that are harder to digest (such as high fiber foods) have a greater "thermic effect" — or the way to boost your metabolism.